The 1903 Springfield has a 24" barrel. The 1917 Enfield has a 26" barrel. The M1 Garand has a 24" barrel. For a long time the 24" barrel was considered the standard "rifle" length.
For the past half century or so, most sporting makers have used 22" barrels on their 06 rifles (18.5" on most carbines).
Generally speaking, longer barrels give higher velocities, BUT, individual rifles can be exceptions to that rule.
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All else being equal (and it almost never is) bigger bullets tend to work better.
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