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Do you know the Glock 10mm barrel shoots 40 SW just fine?
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It will, however it puts extra stress on the extractor. That probably won't be an issue in the short term but may be over time.
More important is that shooting a shorter cartridge in an autopistol chamber is not a great idea because unlike the tapered chamber found in revolvers (since headspacing is done on the rim in revolvers) there's a stepped front to the chamber in an autopistol. Normally the case mouth is against that step which means that the bullet doesn't have a chance to come in contact with it.
When a shorter round is shot through the chamber, the bullet starts behind the step at the front of the chamber. Since the step is sharp-edged, it can shave material from the bullet as it passes the step and that material can build up at the front of the chamber. That can result in some possible negative effects. The buildup might prevent chambering the native caliber until it is removed--not really a big deal. However, it might also result in the native caliber chambering nearly all the way creating the potential for a partial out-of-battery firing.
The most potentially dangerous issue is that the material buildup might progress to the point that it creates a partial obstruction resulting in an overpressure event that could potentially damage the gun and cause injury.
If you want to shoot .40S&W in a 10mm, it's best to buy a conversion barrel. Unlike the situation with revolvers, it's not a good idea to shoot anything other than the native caliber through an autopistol without some kind of conversion parts.