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Pretty much every aspect of reloading gets rolled into a good reply to that question. The only way you are going to get the answer that you think you want is to start from scratch and bone up on the physics of reloading and the relationship between your cartridges and the chamber of the specific gun that they will be used in.
The best way to learn what you want to know is to read two different loading manuals from beginning to end. My two favorites are the ABCs of Reloading and Lee's Modern Reloading 2nd Edition. The front of each will provide all the info you are looking for. Others prefer Lyman's 49th, this is also a great resource.
Bottom line is there is no pro or con to a shorter or longer COL, per se. For example- shortening the COL with a given charge in your 30-06 cartridges does increase the pressure, as you pointed out, but at the same time, by shortening the COL you are moving the bullet away from the rifling and giving it more of a "headstart" before it enters the barrel which results in a reduced pressure. Trippy stuff.
Understanding the nuance of the effect of COL changes on the accuracy (and safety) of the finished cartridge is key to good rifle handloading. Once you have a solid grasp on the forces at play from the time the primer fires to the time the bullet leaves the barrel (and a little bit beyond that) you will have answered your question.
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