The clips are not identical, one difference being the position of the lugs, and the fit in the other rifle is not perfect, but will work.
Of course, firing .30-'06 in a 7.7x58 chamber is impossible for the reason you mention. It would take a big hammer.
FWIW, there is only one Japanese rifle clip; the 7.7 and 6.5 use the same clip.
Jim
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