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for targets
If you have to limit it to just those two calibers for some reason, then I'd say that it comes down to the distances at which you'll be shooting (competing?), and the twist rate.
0-300 yards: .223 with "standard" twist rates (1 in 12 or 1 in 9)
300-600 yards: .223 with a 1 in 7 or 1 in 6.5 twist, with 80+ grainers
600-1000 yards or more: .30-'06 - no question.
On barrel life, I don't know which will burn out faster, but I suspect that a .30-06 would go downhill after fewer rounds through it - *especially* if the .223 you're comparing it to is say, an AR15 with a chrome-lined barrel.
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