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The example of the II-2 was only used because of it’s defensive armor plating compared to contemporary attack aircraft of the day. I’m pretty sure a Fairy Battle, Hurricane MkIID, Ju-87, HS 129, Dauntless, etc. if used in the same manner would not have faired any better.
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The Sturmovik was heavily armed, with a set of 23mm cannon, exceptionally well armored, and fairly fast, making it a difficult target to shoot down.
Many Luftwaffe pilots reported frustration seeing their shells "bounce off" the heavily armored aircraft. But, it did have an Achilles Heel. The oil cooler was vulnerable on the belly of the airplane and once that became known to the Luftwaffe fighter pilots, Sturmovik losses increased considerably.
Of the other planes mentioned, the Fairey Battle was obsolete even before the war began and their use in the Battle of France resulted in devastatingly high losses.
The Battle, and the Stuka and even the Val all shared the same problems, as did later designs, though to lesser extent, they simply could not survive unescorted, against enemy fighters.
The Dauntless and the Hs 129 were radial engined, and radials are generally more resistant to battle damage than liquid cooled inline engines. Also the 129 was well armored to resist light ground fire.
The 23mm auto cannon arming the Il-2 are an interesting weapon, apparently an original Soviet design, firing a higher velocity round (listed as 900 m/sec MV) but with a firing rate of only 600 rpm (by the listed specs) fine for ground attack, a bit less so for aerial combat.