Consistently killing deer at 500 yds. requires a steady rest and possibly some additional aids. Using a typical deer hunting cartridge (even the common magnums) with a simple scope zeroed at 200 or so yards leaves a lot to chance. The majority of hunting cartridges and bullets will drop more than 10 inches (some even 20 inches or more) between 450 and 500 yards with a 200 yd scope zero, and result in a miss with a ranging error of 50 yards (at that distance).
A scope with some form of bullet drop compensation will go a long way to compensate for bullet drop at long distances. And a rangefinder will greatly reduce the range estimation error. Those tools, along with some form of steady rest will greatly increase the chance for a 500yd. kill.
The use of some super high velocity round like the 28 Nosler or 7mm STW will also help by flattening trajectory, but the other items I mentioned above are perhaps more important.
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