The .30-06 shoots the same bullet as the .308, but it's possible to put more powder behind the bullet. The bullet goes faster.
Now, many .30-06 loads are suited to the semi-automatic Garand, which is pressure sensitive. (I'm not knocking the Garand, fellows.) In a bolt rifle, it's possible to push those bullets a little bit faster and they'll fly a little longer before they go sub-sonic. In the .30-06, it's possible to push a 168 grain bullet to almost 2900 fps.
For myself, I consider the .30-06 a hunting round and I don't load it as hot as I might. I prefer to keep my loads down toward the minimums, but they serve me just fine.
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