Cartridge pressure does have to do with the weight of the load, but it has just as much to do with how large a space the reaction is taking place in.
Take a 9mm and a .38 Special for a quick example.
Both can be had in similar bullet weights, but the .38 Special is more typically loaded with a 148 to 158 grain bullet. A 9mm is typically loaded with a 115-125 grain bullet, but the heaviest loads go up to 147 grain.
The 9mm does all it's damage in a tiny case that's like HALF the size of the .38 Special. It runs at pretty much twice the pressure. That's how that tiny little caliber can out perform a .38 Spl, that by looks alone, is twice as large.
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