Well, there was the .44 Automag, and then there's the .50 AE Desert Eagle, but in general, I think the reason is that most of the *really* powerful handgun cartridges are used primarily for hunting, and in that case, the extra capacity and slim design of a semi-automatic isn't as important.
Plus, with the exception of .22lr, there just aren't a bunch of semi-automatic handguns out there that use rimmed cartridges, "powerful" or not.
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