In the Model 1903 and later guns, the chambers were bored straight through so they would accept .38 Special. Of course, at the time, no one had ever heard of .38 Special +P+ or .357 Magnum, so there was no real problem. Since the new cartridge was called the .38 S&W Special, Colt didn't change their barrel markings.
As for the ".38/200", the British originally tested the cartridge with an American 200 grain soft-lead bullet called the "Manstopper" load. That was the round they claimed was equal to the .455 in stopping power. But then someone apparently mentioned the nasty old Hague Convention, so they had to go to a jacketed bullet and the Mk 2 ammo they used in WWII had a 178 grain jacketed bullet.
Jim
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