Rebarreling to 7.62x39 will almost certainly be an extensive or labor intensive exercise.
You might be happier going with the Savage Model 10 FCM Scout rifle or the CZ 527 as HKFan9 suggests.
But, you mentioned a barrel insert. There is plenty of precedent for doing that and the insert could have the 7.62x59 rim so extraction and insert headspacing could work in the normal manner.
You or your gunsmith would need to use a reamer to get the inside of the insert right, which includes proper attention to headspacing of the 7.62X39 inside the insert.
A fair bit of trial and error may be needed to get it right and to assure safe use, but once done, you might find a market in the survivalist community if indeed it hasn't been done already.
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