"if the .45 ACP didn't replace the .38 Long Colt, in U.S. military service, what did?"
Officially, the aforementioned .45 Government round did, in the M1909 service revolver, although it was never intended for the M1909 to be a long-term replacement as the M1911 was getting very close to formal acceptance.
Virtually all of the M1909s were shipped to the Philippines, leaving the M1892 in .38 Long Colt in service as a secondary standard.
Once sufficient stocks of 1911s were available, both the remaining M1892s (and subsequent variants) and the M1909s were withdrawn from service.
The last heyday for the M1892 was in 1917 and 1918 when, due to a shortage of M1911s and M1917s, the M1892s were reissued as a substitute standard, primarily to officers and troops in the United States.
There's some argument as to whether the M1892 ever officialy served in Europe during the war.
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"The gift which I am sending you is called a dog, and is in fact the most precious and valuable possession of mankind" -Theodorus Gaza
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