The M-1 (.30 caliber) is chambered for the .30-06 Springfield cartridge - a bottle-necked, rimless cartridge that fires 6 different weights of 0.308" diameter pointed & RN jacketed bullets from 110gr through 220 grs, at around 2500fps (in factory guises).
The .30-06 is a 1906 revision of the previous, short-lived, 1903 Springfield cartridge (the .30-03).
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The .30-30 Winchester, aka .30WCF, dates from 1895, and is also bottle-necked case, but shorter than the .30-06, and has a rimmed case (with a rim like a shotshell), that historically fires 2 different weights of flat or RN jacketed bullets of 150gr or 170gr, at around 1900fps (in factory guise).
There are modern .30-30 offerings that feature different (lighter) bullet weights with a pointed soft plastic tip, especially made for better ballistics in leverguns with tubular magazines.
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The WWII .30 M1 Carbine cartridge is a short, almost pistol-length, straight rimless case that also fires .308" bullets, but in the 110gr range.
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In the below pic, the 7.62 = the .308 Winchester, which is similar to the .30-06, but is 1/2" shorter.
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