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We're all aware, .22 rim fire ammo comes in various lengths (S, L and LR), and so does shotgun ammunition. Standard 12-ga sizes are 2 3/4, 3 and 3 1/2-inch; however, shells can be loaded to almost any length.
In the not too distant past, 2 3/4-inch was the standard 12-ga chambering and guns with longer chambers were known as magnums. Presently, most 12-ga shotguns are chambered for 3-inch shells. Keep in mind, the longer the shell the more powerful is potential; therefore, longer chambers require stronger guns.
In general application, the 2 3/4-inch 12-ga shell is the standard for tactical, hunting and target shooting. It's versatile and can be loaded from very light to heavy. To some, shooting 2 3/4-inch heavies exceeds their comfort zone and they're not interested in anything longer. The 3 and 3 1/2-inch shells are for larger game, greater range and tactical conditions.
An advantage of top break shotguns (single shot, SxS and O/U) is they function flawlessly with any shell length that doesn't exceed their chamber length. Pumps and auto-loaders are not so flexible.
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