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Rifle barrels have been rebored and rifled to larger calibers for decades. But there's usually an accuracy trade-off.
When a barrel's rebored and rifled, the ends of the bore will bell out a tiny bit due to the boring and rifling tools not being fully supported at the ends. In normal barrel blanks after it's gun drilled and reamed to bore diameter then rifled, the breech end's cleaned up by the chamber reamer and the muzzle end's cut off an inch or so getting rid of the oversize bore at that end. Some finished blanks have a mark on the muzzle end showing where the gauge readings started getting bigger and where it should be cut off at.
First time I heard about such things is when my brother had a commercial Mauser 98's 8x57 barrel rebored and chamberd to 9.3x57 Mauser in the 1950's. Pedersen, the barrel maker who did it, cautioned him that accuracy would not be pristine, but good enough for big game at shorter ranges.
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