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Specially, what does a Full Length die do to each part (area) of the case and as a whole?
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I will assume you are asking about a bottle neck cartridge like a 270 Winchester.
The full length resizing die consists of a die body, a decapping rod assembly, and a lock ring.
The die body will return the exterior of the fired case to dimensions defined by the internal dimensions of the die body. This will include reducing the outside diameter of the neck and the body of the cartridge case. It can also move the shoulder of the case toward the head of the case, if it is adjusted so the shoulder contacts the die.
The decapping rod assembly has a decapping pin that will force the fired primer from the case and when it is being withdrawn from the case after the neck has been sized by the die body, it will expand the case neck to a larger diameter than the die body resized it to.
The exterior lock ring is used to provide a reference to return the die to the same position relative to the press when it is removed and reinstalled, and to keep the die from moving during use.
By adjusting a full length die to a higher position relative to the shell holder, you can keep the shoulder from being contacted by the die body. This can result in only sizing the neck and case body. If you raise it even further, it can only size the neck of the case and never contact the case body enough to resize it. So depending upon how you adjust your die, it can full length size with shoulder set back, size the body and neck, and size only the neck of the case.