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You measure it using either a lead or copper crusher or the more modern piezo sensor.
The lead and copper crusher method only measures peak pressure, with some losses for the mass of the moving portions of the system and other more systemic errors.
The piezo method and a storage oscilloscope will provide a complete curve showing the pressure as a function of time. It is far more sensitive and precise.
What is dangerous depends on the cartridge type and the gun it will be fired in.
Modern bolt action rifles can run well up into the 65,000 PSI range, while older guns are often limited to 15,000 to 25,000 PSI due to metallurgy and design.
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