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With all respect, I do not think that Sevens got it right. A heeled bullet like the .22 rimfire or the .310 Cadet Martini fit inside the case with the base of the bullet smaller than that outside the case. The .310 is really a .32 if you slug the bore. This the case with heeled bullets - the heel is less than the bore. So if the 38 were named as a heeled bullet it would be called a .357 - that measured .38 if the bore were slugged. Heeled bullets were more of a European thing and their mindset was different from the Americans hence the difference in designations.
But the .22 is the diameter not of the base but the larger part outside the base. Go figure...
Many .310 Cadet Martinis were re-chambered for the 32-20 which absolutely will not preform. The 32-20 is really a .31. And it is not heeled.
Personally I don't try to make much sense of the designations for more than marketing purposes... As long as the label on the box of ammo matches the barrel, you will be (more or less) ok.
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