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...or take a 300BLK and put a powder charge behind it that would be equivalent to 308 WIN.
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As case capacity decreases, a given amount of powder will produce higher pressures.
Assuming you could get it to fit, putting a powder charge from a large case in a small case would result in higher pressures in the smaller case than it did in the larger case.
This is why bullet setback is a serious issue in some pistol cartridges. A safe powder charge can result in dangerously high pressures if the bullet is pushed back (set back) into the case significantly during the chambering (or rechambering) process. Pushing the bullet deeper into the case reduces the effective capacity of the case and that drives the pressures up for a given amount of powder.